Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The Ultimate Guide

What is Extended Producer Responsibility?

Extended Producer Responsibility is an environmental policy approach that holds producers accountable for their products’ entire lifecycle, including take-back, recycling, and disposal. EPR shifts the responsibility for waste management from municipalities and consumers to the manufacturers, incentivizing sustainable, more easily recyclable product designs.

This concept incorporates downstream waste management costs into production to reduce waste, improve resource efficiency, and encourage innovative product design. Additionally, it fosters collaboration among producers, governments, and consumers to establish more effective recycling systems and minimize environmental impact.

Importance

EPR ensures manufacturers remain accountable from product design to disposal. This form of product stewardship encourages sustainable design, reduces waste, and supports a circular economy.

Key benefits of EPR include:

• Environmental Protection: EPR reduces landfill waste and pollution by encouraging sustainable product designs and efficient recycling systems. It also cuts carbon emissions by minimizing the use of virgin materials.

• Financial Accountability Shift: It shifts the cost and responsibility for waste management from governments and taxpayers to producers, leading to enhanced transparency and mobilization of financial resources for effective collection and recycling.

• Promoting Circular Economy: EPR supports circular business models by encouraging product reuse, recycling, and the use of green materials, contributing to natural resource conservation.

• Economic Benefits: Boosting recycling infrastructure can create jobs and foster economic growth tied to sustainable waste management.

• Regulatory Compliance and Innovation: EPR drives companies to anticipate and comply with growing environmental regulations, driving innovation in product design to reduce environmental impacts.

Pillars of Extended Producer Responsibility

EPR has four pillars to ensure programs are comprehensive. These pillars cover practical implementation, financing, stakeholder engagement, and regulatory oversight, which are essential for successful waste management and circular economy goals.

1. Operational Pillar: This pillar involves practical waste management, including collection, sorting, recycling, and disposal operations coordinated between producers, governments, and other stakeholders.

2. Financial Pillar: This pillar refers to the financing mechanisms through which producers bear the cost of managing their products’ end-of-life. It includes producer fees, financial accountability, and cost recovery systems.

3. Communication Pillar: Effective communication to stakeholders and the public is essential. It provides transparency in reporting, consumer awareness, and coordination among involved parties to ensure compliance and promote recycling.

4. Governance Pillar: A sound governance framework provides the rules, enforcement mechanisms, policy oversight, and stakeholder coordination necessary to ensure EPR programs function effectively and fairly.

How Different Countries Implement EPR

Each country takes a unique approach to implementing EPR programs. The following examples illustrate how different countries have integrated EPR in their waste management systems:

United States

In the US, six states have passed EPR laws specifically for packaging, each with its own rules but a shared goal: to make producers responsible for the waste their products create. These states are:

• California:California’s SB 54 law, passed in 2022, makes producers accountable for reducing plastic waste. Companies must join a Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO), report their packaging use, and pay fees to fund recycling and cleanup efforts.

• Colorado: Colorado’s House Bill 22–1355 requires producers to join a PRO to manage packaging and printed paper recycling. The goal is to make recycling easier by expanding drop-off points and services statewide.

• Maine: Maine was the first state to adopt a packaging EPR law in 2021 through LD 1541. Under this law, producers must report how much packaging they use and help fund the recycling program through a stewardship organization.

• Minnesota: Minnesota joined the list in 2024 with the Packaging Waste & Cost Reduction Act, requiring companies to take more responsibility for their packaging. Producers must either join or form a PRO, share data on their packaging, and cover recycling-related costs.

• Oregon: Oregon’s EPR law, passed in 2021 as Senate Bill 582, focuses on modernizing recycling systems and cutting down packaging waste. The state aims to simplify recycling, reduce environmental impact, and encourage better packaging design.

• Washington: Washington’s approach targets specific plastic products, such as beverage bottles, trash bags, and containers for cleaning and personal care items. Companies must register with the state and meet a minimum of 15% recycled content for plastic beverage containers.

United Kingdom

The UK is making businesses more accountable for the packaging they place on the market. Under their EPR program, obligated businesses must submit packaging data to a registered scheme administrator, who will calculate quarterly fees based on the volume and type of packaging.

Some companies must also report “nation data,” identifying where packaging is supplied and discarded within the UK.

Under the UK EPR program, the following producers are fully responsible for covering EPR costs:

• Brand owners: Companies that sell goods under their brand

• Importers: Businesses that import filled packaging

• Service providers: Those that hire or lend reusable packaging

• Distributors: Sellers of empty packaging to non-obligated entities

• Online marketplaces: Platforms for non-UK sellers offering packaging to UK buyers

• Sellers: Businesses that sell filled packaging directly to end consumers

European Union

The European Union (EU) was the first to introduce EPR legislation in Europe, laying the groundwork for modern waste management systems.

Through EPR, the EU holds producers financially and physically responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products—from design to post-consumer waste. Member states implement EPR programs under EU-wide directives and regulations to reduce environmental impact, improve recycling efficiency, and promote sustainable product design.

While EPR can apply to various product types, the EU focuses primarily on three high-impact categories:

• Packaging: Covered under the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), this mandates packaging minimization, recyclability, and producer contributions to collection and recycling systems.

• Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Managed through the Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, this regulation ensures proper take-back schemes and recovery of valuable or hazardous materials.

• Batteries: The EU Batteries Regulation requires producers to collect used batteries, report volumes placed on the market, and support proper recycling and reuse processes.

Canada

Canada is actively advancing EPR programs to manage packaging waste and support a circular economy. Under their program, producers are responsible for funding and organizing the collection, recycling, and disposal of packaging materials.

Most provinces and territories have adopted EPR legislation; only four have yet to do so. Those that have adopted include:

• British Columbia

• Alberta

• Saskatchewan

• Manitoba

• Ontario

• Quebec

• New Brunswick

• Nova Scotia

• The Yukon Territory

Australia

Australia has embraced EPR through its Recycling and Waste Reduction Act 2020, replacing the earlier Product Stewardship Act.

This law enables the government to establish rules for managing products at the end of their lives, especially those that create significant waste (e.g., textiles).

Australia has four product stewardship initiatives focused on textiles; two have already been rolled out, and two are still developing. Industry groups lead all:

• TreadLightly Initiative: Launched nationwide in October 2021, this program collects and recycles sports shoes, preventing them from ending up in landfills.

• Australian Bedding Stewardship Scheme: Approved in 2022, this program focuses on mattress recycling and is now active.

• National Clothing Product Stewardship Scheme: This scheme, which will improve the lifecycle of clothing, is being designed by the Australian Fashion Council with government funding.

• Circular Threads Scheme: This project by the Australasian Circular Textiles Association (ACTA) aims to create a unified recycling framework for textiles.

Examples of EPR in Action

Below are some principles manufacturers can follow in creating or developing EPR-compliant products.

• Recyclable and Reusable Designs: Some companies design products that can be recycled, reused, or reclaimed at the end of their lifecycle. These efforts help close the loop and support a circular economy.

• Material Reduction Strategies: Businesses minimize the use of raw materials in products and packaging. It reduces waste and makes transportation more efficient.

• Designs Made for Easy Disassembly: Products built for quick and simple disassembly allow components to be separated and recycled more effectively.

• Modular Product Concepts: Modular designs, such as customizable fashion or flat-pack furniture, extend a product’s usefulness and reduce waste.

• Durability and Longevity Focus: Shifting away from disposable culture, companies now aim to create longer-lasting products that remain useful and relevant over time.

• Improved Repairability Features: More manufacturers are embracing the Right to Repair movement by making products easier to fix, with accessible parts and guides.